<button id="btn">&plus;</button>
<div></div>

div, button {
  width: 100px;
  min-height: 25px;
  padding: 5px;
  font-size: 20px;
  text-align: center;
}

const btn = document.querySelector('button');
const div = document.querySelector('div');
let callback;
btn.addEventListener('click', () => callback?.());

const waitForClick = element => new Promise(resolve => {
  callback = resolve;
});

async function increment() {
  for (let i = 1; i <= 10;) {
    div.innerText = i;
    await waitForClick(); // ждём!
    i++;
  }
}

increment();