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HTML

              
                <button id="prev" type="button">前の月</button>
<button id="next" type="button">次の月</button>
<div id="calendar"></div>
              
            
!

CSS

              
                #calendar {
    display: flex;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
}

section {
    margin: 10px;
}

h1 {
    font-size: 18px;
}

table {
    border-spacing: 0;
    border-collapse: collapse;
}

td {
    border: 1px solid #ddd;
    padding: 5px;
    text-align: center;
}

td:first-child {
    color: red;
}

td:last-child {
    color: royalblue;
}

td.is-disabled {
    color: #ccc;
}
              
            
!

JS

              
                const weeks = ['日', '月', '火', '水', '木', '金', '土']
const date = new Date()
let year = date.getFullYear()
let month = date.getMonth() + 1
const config = {
    show: 3,
}

function showCalendar(year, month) {
    for ( i = 0; i < config.show; i++) {
        const calendarHtml = createCalendar(year, month)
        const sec = document.createElement('section')
        sec.innerHTML = calendarHtml
        document.querySelector('#calendar').appendChild(sec)

        month++
        if (month > 12) {
            year++
            month = 1
        }
    }
}

function createCalendar(year, month) {
    const startDate = new Date(year, month - 1, 1) // 月の最初の日を取得
    const endDate = new Date(year, month,  0) // 月の最後の日を取得
    const endDayCount = endDate.getDate() // 月の末日
    const lastMonthEndDate = new Date(year, month - 2, 0) // 前月の最後の日の情報
    const lastMonthendDayCount = lastMonthEndDate.getDate() // 前月の末日
    const startDay = startDate.getDay() // 月の最初の日の曜日を取得
    let dayCount = 1 // 日にちのカウント
    let calendarHtml = '' // HTMLを組み立てる変数

    calendarHtml += '<h1>' + year  + '/' + month + '</h1>'
    calendarHtml += '<table>'

    // 曜日の行を作成
    for (let i = 0; i < weeks.length; i++) {
        calendarHtml += '<td>' + weeks[i] + '</td>'
    }

    for (let w = 0; w < 6; w++) {
        calendarHtml += '<tr>'

        for (let d = 0; d < 7; d++) {
            if (w == 0 && d < startDay) {
                // 1行目で1日の曜日の前
                let num = lastMonthendDayCount - startDay + d + 1
                calendarHtml += '<td class="is-disabled">' + num + '</td>'
            } else if (dayCount > endDayCount) {
                // 末尾の日数を超えた
                let num = dayCount - endDayCount
                calendarHtml += '<td class="is-disabled">' + num + '</td>'
                dayCount++
            } else {
                calendarHtml += `<td class="calendar_td" data-date="${year}/${month}/${dayCount}">${dayCount}</td>`
                dayCount++
            }
        }
        calendarHtml += '</tr>'
    }
    calendarHtml += '</table>'

    return calendarHtml
}

function moveCalendar(e) {
    document.querySelector('#calendar').innerHTML = ''

    if (e.target.id === 'prev') {
        month--

        if (month < 1) {
            year--
            month = 12
        }
    }

    if (e.target.id === 'next') {
        month++

        if (month > 12) {
            year++
            month = 1
        }
    }

    showCalendar(year, month)
}

document.querySelector('#prev').addEventListener('click', moveCalendar)
document.querySelector('#next').addEventListener('click', moveCalendar)

document.addEventListener("click", function(e) {
    if(e.target.classList.contains("calendar_td")) {
        alert('クリックした日付は' + e.target.dataset.date + 'です')
    }
})

showCalendar(year, month)
              
            
!
999px

Console