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<a class="Top" id="top" href="#main">
<span>skip to content</span>
</a>
<div class="Page">
<header class="Header Header--sticky">
<a target="_top" href="https://codepen.io/dbushell/full/xxmzddB"><b>Demo Website</b></a>
<button popovertarget="nav" class="Hamburger">
<span>Menu</span>
</button>
</header>
<main class="Main" id="main">
<h1>🍀 Off-Canvas Navigation ²</h1>
<p><strong>WORK IN PROGRESS! This is very experimental and <u>not yet accessibility reviewed!</u></strong></p>
<p>Last updated <em>2nd October 2023</em></p>
<ul>
<li>A rebuild of the <a target="_blank" href="https://codepen.io/dbushell/full/yLMEogE">original CodePen</a></li>
<li>Core interactivity does not need JavaScript</li>
<li>Handles focus state and keyboard navigation</li>
<li>Uses CSS <b><a target="_blank" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Popover_API">popover</a></b> for sub-menus</li>
<li>Respects reduced motion preference</li>
<li>Optional sticky / auto-hide header</li>
<li><a href="#nav">Open navigation</a> from any link</li>
<li>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" id="toggle-rtl" autocomplete="off">
<span>Supports <abbr title="right-to-left">RTL</abbr> styles</span>
</label>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a target="_blank" href="https://dbushell.com/2021/06/17/css-off-canvas-responsive-navigation/">Read my original blog article for more information</a></p>
<p>Feedback and comments: <a href="https://twitter.com/dbushell" target="_blank">@dbushell</a> and <a href="https://fosstodon.org/@dbushell" target="_blank">@dbushell@fosstodon.org</a></p>
<h2>Possible issues</h2>
<p><b>Firefox</b> as of version 118 requires a <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/oddbird/popover-polyfill">polyfill</a> for <a target="_blank" href="https://caniuse.com/?search=popover">popover</a></p>
</main>
<footer class="Footer">
<p>
<small>
<span>MIT licensed | Copyright © 2023</span>
<span><a href="https://dbushell.com" target="_blank">David Bushell</a></span>
</small>
</p>
</footer>
</div>
<!--/Page--->
<dialog popover class="Nav" id="nav">
<nav class="Nav__body" aria-labelledby="nav-heading">
<header class="Nav__header">
<h2 class="Nav__heading" id="nav-heading">Menu</h2>
<button popovertarget="nav" popovertargetaction="close" class="Hamburger">
<span>Close</span>
</button>
</header>
<ul class="Nav__menu" id="menu-0">
<li class="Nav__item">
<button popovertarget="menu-1" class="Nav__link">
<span id="menu-1-heading">Sub Menu 1</span>
</button>
<ul popover class="Nav__menu" id="menu-1" aria-labelledby="menu-1-heading">
<li class="Nav__item">
<button popovertarget="menu-1" popovertargetaction="close" class="Nav__link">
<span>Back</span>
<span class="Hidden">to main menu</span>
</button>
</li>
<li class="Nav__item">
<button popovertarget="menu-3" class="Nav__link">
<span id="menu-3-heading">Nested Sub Menu 3</span>
</button>
<ul popover class="Nav__menu" id="menu-3" aria-labelledby="menu-3-heading">
<li class="Nav__item">
<button popovertarget="menu-3" popovertargetaction="close" class="Nav__link">
<span>Back</span>
<span class="Hidden">to parent menu</span>
</button>
</li>
<li class="Nav__item">
<a href="#" class="Nav__link">Menu Item</a>
</li>
<li class="Nav__item">
<a href="#" class="Nav__link">Menu Item</a>
</li>
<li class="Nav__item">
<a href="#" class="Nav__link">Menu Item</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="Nav__item">
<a href="#" class="Nav__link">Menu Item</a>
</li>
<li class="Nav__item">
<a href="#" class="Nav__link">Menu Item</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="Nav__item">
<button popovertarget="menu-2" class="Nav__link">
<span id="menu-2-heading">Sub Menu 2</span>
</button>
<ul popover class="Nav__menu" id="menu-2" aria-labelledby="menu-2-heading">
<li class="Nav__item">
<button popovertarget="menu-2" popovertargetaction="close" class="Nav__link">
<span>Back</span>
<span class="Hidden">to main menu</span>
</button>
</li>
<li class="Nav__item">
<a href="#" class="Nav__link">Menu Item</a>
</li>
<li class="Nav__item">
<a href="#" class="Nav__link">Menu Item</a>
</li>
<li class="Nav__item">
<a href="#" class="Nav__link">Menu Item</a>
</li>
<li class="Nav__item">
<a href="#" class="Nav__link">Menu Item</a>
</li>
<li class="Nav__item">
<a href="#" class="Nav__link">Menu Item</a>
</li>
<li class="Nav__item">
<a href="#" class="Nav__link">Menu Item</a>
</li>
<li class="Nav__item">
<a href="#" class="Nav__link">Menu Item</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="Nav__item">
<a href="#" class="Nav__link">Menu Item</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!--/Nav__body-->
</dialog>
<!--/Nav-->
@layer base, components, utilities;
@layer base {
:root {
--white: 100% 0 0;
--light: 98% 0.02 85;
--dark: 40% 0.02 18;
--magenta: 67% 0.28 337;
--header-opacity: 0;
--header-visible: 1;
--header-height: 3.75rem;
--focus-outline-width: 0.125rem;
--nav-width: clamp(0rem, 100dvw, 25rem);
--nav-dir: 1;
scrollbar-gutter: stable;
&[dir='rtl'] {
--nav-dir: -1;
}
}
*,
*::after,
*::before {
box-sizing: border-box;
}
html {
background: oklch(var(--light));
color: oklch(var(--dark));
font-family: 'Raleway', sans-serif;
}
.translated-rtl {
direction: rtl;
}
body {
margin: 0;
min-height: 100dvh;
padding: 0;
}
a[href],
button,
[tabindex='-1'] {
color: currentColor;
transition: color 200ms ease;
&:focus {
outline: none;
}
&:focus-visible {
outline: var(--focus-outline-width) solid oklch(var(--magenta));
}
&:hover {
color: oklch(var(--magenta));
}
}
img {
border: 0;
display: block;
height: auto;
max-width: 100%;
}
button {
background: transparent;
appearance: none;
border: none;
outline: none;
&:hover {
cursor: pointer;
}
}
}
@keyframes nav-open {
from {
transform: translateX(calc(var(--nav-dir) * var(--nav-width)));
}
to {
transform: translateZ(0);
}
}
@keyframes nav-close {
from {
transform: translateZ(0);
}
to {
transform: translateX(calc(var(--nav-dir) * var(--nav-width)));
}
}
@keyframes nav-backdrop-open {
from {
background: rgb(0, 0, 0, 0);
}
to {
background: rgb(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
}
}
@keyframes nav-backdrop-close {
from {
background: rgb(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
}
to {
background: rgb(0, 0, 0, 0);
}
}
@layer components {
.Top {
align-items: center;
background: oklch(var(--white));
display: flex;
height: var(--header-height);
outline-offset: calc(-2 * var(--focus-outline-width));
padding: 0.5rem 1rem;
position: absolute;
z-index: 10000;
&:not(:focus) {
clip: rect(0 0 0 0);
clip-path: inset(50%);
height: 1px;
overflow: hidden;
padding: 0;
position: absolute;
width: 1px;
white-space: nowrap;
}
}
.Header {
align-items: center;
background: oklch(var(--white) / var(--header-opacity));
display: flex;
height: var(--header-height);
justify-content: space-between;
padding: 0.5rem 1rem;
}
.Header--sticky {
position: sticky;
top: 0;
:where(.Script) & {
transform: translateY(calc((1 - var(--header-visible)) * -100%));
transition: transform 300ms linear 100ms;
}
}
.Nav {
background: transparent;
border: 0;
height: 100%;
margin: 0;
overflow: hidden;
padding: 0;
max-height: none;
max-width: none;
width: 100%;
&::backdrop {
background: rgb(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
}
&[open] {
animation: nav-open 500ms ease;
&::backdrop {
animation: nav-backdrop-open 500ms ease;
}
}
&.nav-close {
animation: nav-close 500ms ease;
&::backdrop {
animation: nav-backdrop-close 500ms ease;
}
}
}
.Nav__body {
background: oklch(var(--white));
box-shadow: 0 0 2rem rgb(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
inset: 0;
inset-inline-start: auto;
height: 100%;
max-width: var(--nav-width);
position: absolute;
pointer-events: none;
width: 100%;
& > * {
min-width: 0;
pointer-events: auto;
}
}
.Nav__header {
align-items: center;
background: oklch(var(--white));
display: flex;
flex-shrink: 0;
height: var(--header-height);
justify-content: space-between;
padding: 0.5rem 1rem;
position: sticky;
top: 0;
}
.Nav__heading {
font-size: 1rem;
margin: 0;
}
.Nav__menu {
background: oklch(var(--white));
border: 0;
height: auto;
inset: 0;
inset-inline-start: auto;
list-style: none;
margin: 0;
margin-block-start: var(--header-height);
max-width: var(--nav-width);
min-height: calc(100dvh - var(--header-height));
overflow-x: hidden;
overflow-y: auto;
padding: 0.5rem;
position: fixed;
pointer-events: auto;
width: 100%;
-webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;
&:popover-open {
animation: nav-open 500ms ease;
}
&.popover-close {
animation: nav-close 500ms ease;
}
.nav-close &[popover] {
animation: nav-close 500ms ease;
}
}
.Nav__item {
margin: 0;
&:not(:last-of-type) {
border-bottom: 0.0625rem solid black;
}
}
.Nav__link {
align-items: center;
border-radius: 0.125rem;
display: block;
font-size: 1rem;
font-weight: 400;
padding: 0.5rem;
text-decoration: none;
line-height: 1.5;
text-align: start;
width: 100%;
}
.Hamburger {
align-items: center;
background: oklch(var(--magenta));
border-radius: 0.625rem;
color: oklch(var(--white));
display: flex;
outline-offset: 0.125rem;
padding: 0.5rem 0.75rem;
text-decoration: none;
font-size: 1rem;
justify-content: center;
font-weight: 700;
line-height: 1.5;
text-align: center;
}
.Main,
.Footer {
--padding: clamp(1rem, 5dvw, 3rem);
margin: 0 auto;
max-width: calc(75rem + 10dvw);
padding: var(--padding);
width: 100%;
& > *:first-child {
margin-block-start: 0;
}
& + & {
padding-block-start: 0;
}
& > h1,
& > h2,
& > h3 {
line-height: 1.25;
margin-block: 1.5rem 1rem;
}
& > ul {
margin-block: 1.5rem;
padding-inline: 2rem 0;
& li {
margin-block: 0.5rem;
}
}
& > p {
margin-block: 1rem;
}
}
}
@layer utilities {
.Hidden {
border: 0;
clip: rect(0 0 0 0);
clip-path: inset(50%);
height: 1px;
margin: -1px;
overflow: hidden;
padding: 0;
position: absolute;
width: 1px;
white-space: nowrap;
}
}
@media (prefers-reduced-motion) {
.Nav,
.Nav *,
.Header {
animation: none;
transition: none;
}
}
(() => {
// Respect user perference
const isReducedMotion = window.matchMedia(
'(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)'
).matches;
const $nav = document.querySelector('.Nav');
const $links = [...$nav.querySelectorAll('.Nav__link')];
const $popovers = [...$nav.querySelectorAll('[popover]')];
const $toggles = new Set([
...document.querySelectorAll('[popovertarget="nav"]'),
...document.querySelectorAll('[href="#nav"]')
]);
$nav.addEventListener('click', (ev) => {
// Close nav when clicking outside
if (ev.target === $nav) {
closeNav();
return;
}
// Play closing animation before popover is hidden
const $button = ev.target.closest('[popovertargetaction="close"]');
if ($button && !isReducedMotion) {
ev.preventDefault();
const $popover = $button.closest('[popover]');
$popover.classList.add('popover-close');
$popover.addEventListener('animationend', () => {
$popover.classList.remove('popover-close');
$popover.hidePopover();
},
{once: true}
);
}
});
$popovers.forEach(($popover) => {
$popover.addEventListener('toggle', (ev) => {
if (ev.target !== $popover) {
return;
}
// Ensure hidden links are not focusable
$links.forEach(($link) => {
$link.tabIndex = $link
.closest('[popover]')
?.querySelector(':popover-open')
? -1
: 0;
});
if (ev.newState === 'open') {
// Focus first button or link
$popover.querySelector('button,[href]')?.focus();
}
if (ev.newState === 'closed') {
// Return focus to parent toggle
$popover.parentNode
.querySelector(`[popovertarget="${$popover.id}"]`)
?.focus();
}
});
});
const openNav = () => {
document.body.style.overflow = 'hidden';
$nav.showModal();
};
const closeNav = () => {
document.body.style.removeProperty('overflow');
if (isReducedMotion) {
$nav.close();
return;
}
// Play animation before dialog is closed
$nav.classList.add('nav-close');
$nav.addEventListener('animationend', () => {
$nav.classList.remove('nav-close');
$nav.close();
},
{once: true}
);
};
const toggleNav = () => ($nav.open ? closeNav() : openNav());
$nav.addEventListener('cancel', (ev) => {
ev.preventDefault();
closeNav();
});
$nav.addEventListener('close', () => {
// Ensure all nested popovers are reset
$popovers.forEach(($popover) => $popover.hidePopover());
});
$toggles.forEach(($toggle) => {
$toggle.addEventListener('click', (ev) => {
ev.preventDefault();
ev.stopImmediatePropagation();
toggleNav();
});
});
})();
// Optional sticky header
(() => {
const $top = document.querySelector('.Top');
const $header = document.querySelector('.Header--sticky');
if ($header) {
let observeFrame;
const observer = new IntersectionObserver(
(entries) => {
entries.forEach((entry) => {
if (observeFrame) {
window.cancelAnimationFrame(observeFrame);
}
observeFrame = window.requestAnimationFrame(() => {
$header.style.setProperty(
'--header-opacity',
1 - entry.intersectionRatio
);
});
});
},
{threshold: [...Array(101).keys()].map((x) => x / 100)}
);
observer.observe($top);
let wScrollFrame;
let wScrollOffset = $top.offsetHeight;
let wScrollY = window.scrollY;
const onWindowScrollQueue = [
() => {
const scrollY = window.scrollY;
if (scrollY > wScrollOffset) {
$header.style.setProperty(
'--header-visible',
scrollY > wScrollY ? 0 : 1
);
}
wScrollY = scrollY;
}
];
window.addEventListener(
'scroll',
() => {
if (wScrollFrame) {
window.cancelAnimationFrame(wScrollFrame);
}
wScrollFrame = window.requestAnimationFrame(() =>
onWindowScrollQueue.forEach((fn) => fn())
);
},
{passive: true}
);
}
})();
(() => {
// Toggle right-to-left for demo purposes
document.querySelector('#toggle-rtl')?.addEventListener('change', (ev) => {
document.dir = ev.target.checked ? 'rtl' : 'ltr';
});
// https://github.com/oddbird/popover-polyfill
if (!('popover' in HTMLElement.prototype)) {
const script = document.createElement('script');
script.src = 'https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@oddbird/popover-polyfill@latest';
script.crossOrigin = 'anonymous';
script.defer = true;
document.head.appendChild(script);
const style = document.createElement('style');
style.innerHTML = `
[popover] {
position: fixed;
z-index: 2147483647;
}
[popover]:not(.\\:popover-open) {
display: none;
}
[popover]:is(dialog[open]) {
display: revert;
}
[anchor].\\:popover-open {
inset: auto;
}
@supports selector([popover]:popover-open) {
[popover]:not(.\\:popover-open, dialog[open]) {
display: revert;
}
[anchor]:is(:popover-open) {
inset: auto;
}
}
`;
document.head.appendChild(style);
}
})();
Also see: Tab Triggers