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HTML 

              
                <main>
  <h1>Responsive Table with Semantics Retained by ARIA</h1>
  <p>
    I suggest only pressing the following button after you have made the viewport narrow. This way you can experience the table without the CSS generated content that makes up for the hidden column headers.
  </p>
  <p>
  <button onclick="ResponsiveCellHeaders('Books');this.setAttribute('disabled','true');">Add fake cell headers at narrow width</button>
  </p>
  <div role="region" aria-labelledby="Cap1" tabindex="0">
    <table id="Books" role="table">
      <caption id="Cap1">Books I May or May Not Have Read</caption>
      <tr role="row">
        <th role="columnheader">Author</th>
        <th role="columnheader">Title</th>
        <th role="columnheader">Year</th>
        <th role="columnheader">ISBN-13</th>
        <th role="columnheader">ISBN-10</th>
      </tr>
      <tr role="row">
        <td role="cell">Miguel De Cervantes</td>
        <td role="cell">The Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote of La Mancha</td>
        <td role="cell">1605</td>
        <td role="cell">9783125798502</td>
        <td role="cell">3125798507</td>
      </tr>
      <tr role="row">
        <td role="cell">Mary Shelley</td>
        <td role="cell">Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus</td>
        <td role="cell">1818</td>
        <td role="cell">9781530278442</td>
        <td role="cell">1530278449</td>
      </tr>
      <tr role="row">
        <td role="cell">Herman Melville</td>
        <td role="cell">Moby-Dick; or, The Whale</td>
        <td role="cell">1851</td>
        <td role="cell">9781530697908</td>
        <td role="cell">1530697905</td>
      </tr>
      <tr role="row">
        <td role="cell">Emma Dorothy Eliza Nevitte Southworth</td>
        <td role="cell">The Hidden Hand</td>
        <td role="cell">1888</td>
        <td role="cell">9780813512969</td>
        <td role="cell">0813512964</td>
      </tr>
      <tr role="row">
        <td role="cell">F. Scott Fitzgerald</td>
        <td role="cell">The Great Gatsby</td>
        <td role="cell">1925</td>
        <td role="cell">9780743273565</td>
        <td role="cell">0743273567</td>
      </tr>
      <tr role="row">
        <td role="cell">George Orwell</td>
        <td role="cell">Nineteen Eighty-Four</td>
        <td role="cell">1948</td>
        <td role="cell">9780451524935</td>
        <td role="cell">0451524934</td>
      </tr>
    </table>
  </div>
  
  <p>
    Note that this is an <em>accessible</em> (keyboard and screen reader) responsive (width and print) table. It retains table semantics for screen readers with thanks to the liberal application of ARIA roles. You can <a href="http://adrianroselli.com/2018/02/tables-css-display-properties-and-aria.html">read more at my site</a>.
  </p>
</main>
!

CSS 

              
                @import url("https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,400i,700");

body {
  background-color: #6d695c;
  background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAMAAAAoLQ9TAAAACVBMVEUAAAAAAAAAAACDY+nAAAAAA3RSTlMmDQBzGIDBAAAAG0lEQVR42uXIIQEAAADCMHj/0NdkQMws0HEeAqvwAUGJthrXAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC);
  font-size: 100%;
  color: #333;
  font-family: Lato, Arial, sans-serif;
  padding: 0;
  margin: 0;
}

main {
  display: block;
  box-sizing: border-box;
  width: auto;
  padding: 1em 2vw;
  margin: 1em 2vw;
  color: #000;
  background-color: rgba(204, 204, 204, 0.7);
  border: 0.07em solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);
  border-radius: 0.5em;
}

table {
  margin: 1em 0;
  border-collapse: collapse;
/*   width: 100%; */
}

caption {
  text-align: left;
  font-style: italic;
  padding: 0.25em 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em;
}

th,
td {
  padding: 0.25em 0.5em 0.25em 1em;
  vertical-align: text-top;
  text-align: left;
  text-indent: -0.5em;
}

th {
  vertical-align: bottom;
  background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);
  color: #fff;
  font-weight: bold;
}

td::before {
  display: none;
}

tr:nth-child(even) {
  background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.25);
}

tr:nth-child(odd) {
  background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5);
}

td:nth-of-type(2) {
  font-style: italic;
}

th:nth-of-type(3),
td:nth-of-type(3) {
  text-align: right;
}

div {
  overflow: auto;
}

@media screen and (max-width: 37em), print and (max-width: 5in) {
  table,
  tr,
  td {
    display: block;
  }
  tr {
    padding: 0.7em 2vw;
  }
  th,
  tr:first-of-type {
    display: none;
  }
  td::before {
    display: inline;
    font-weight: bold;
  }
  td {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: 4em auto;
    grid-gap: 1em 0.5em;
  }
  caption {
    font-style: normal;
    background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35);
    color: #fff;
    font-weight: bold;
  }
  td:nth-of-type(3) {
    text-align: left;
  }
  td:nth-of-type(4), td:nth-of-type(5) {
    text-align: right;
    width: 12em;
  }
  td:nth-of-type(4)::before, td:nth-of-type(5)::before {
    text-align: left;
  }
  td:nth-of-type(2)::before {
    font-style: normal;
  }
}

@media print {
  body {
    font-size: 6pt;
    color: #000;
    background-color: #fff;
    background-image: none;
  }
  body,
  main {
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
    background-color: #fff;
    border: none;
  }
  table {
    page-break-inside: avoid;
  }
  div {
    overflow: visible;
  }
  th {
    color: #000;
    background-color: #fff;
    border-bottom: 1pt solid #000;
  }
  tr {
    border-top: 1pt solid #000;
  }
}

@media print and (max-width: 5in) {
  caption {
    color: #000;
    background-color: #fff;
    border-bottom: 1pt solid #000;
  }
  table {
    page-break-inside: auto;
  }
  tr {
    page-break-inside: avoid;
  }
}

button {
  font-size: 90%;
  font-family: Lato, Arial, sans-serif;
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #00c;
  border: .1em solid #00f;
  border-radius: .5em;
  font-weight: bold;
  padding: .5em;
  text-align: center;
  box-shadow: .25em .25em .5em rgba(0, 0, 0, .5);
}

button[disabled] {
  background-color: #ccc;
  border-color: #ccc;
  color: #666;
}

button:not([disabled]):focus,
button:not([disabled]):hover {
  color: #00f;
  background-color: #fff;
  outline: 0;
}

button:active {
  box-shadow: 0 0 .5em rgba(0, 0, 0, .5);
}
!

JS 

              
                function ResponsiveCellHeaders(elmID) {
  try {
    var THarray = [];
    var table = document.getElementById(elmID);
    var ths = table.getElementsByTagName("th");
    for (var i = 0; i < ths.length; i++) {
      var headingText = ths[i].innerHTML;
      THarray.push(headingText);
    }
    var styleElm = document.createElement("style"),
      styleSheet;
    document.head.appendChild(styleElm);
    styleSheet = styleElm.sheet;
    for (var i = 0; i < THarray.length; i++) {
      styleSheet.insertRule(
        "#" +
          elmID +
          " td:nth-child(" +
          (i + 1) +
          ')::before {content:"' +
          THarray[i] +
          ': ";}',
        styleSheet.cssRules.length
      );
    }
  } catch (e) {
    console.log("ResponsiveCellHeaders(): " + e);
  }
}
// ResponsiveCellHeaders("Books");
!
999px

Console