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HTML

              
                <canvas id="responsive-canvas"></canvas>

<div class="centringContainer">
  
  <div class="table">
    <div class="row">
      <div class="left">
        <label for="FreqSlider"><strong>Frequency:</strong></label>
      </div>
      <div class="slidecontainer">
        <input type="range" min="2" max="16" step="0.01" value="2" class="slider" id="FreqSlider"/>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>

<div class="main">

  <div class="full">
    <p>
      This is a demonstration of aliasing in a digital system. Try turning on the <strong>View aliasing</strong> toggle and watch what happens to the orange signal when you increase the frequency of the blue signal.
    </p>
  </div>

  <div class="table">
    <div class="row">
      <div class="left">
        <label for="AliasedToggle"><strong>View aliasing:</strong></label>
      </div>
      <div class="togglecontainer">
        <label class="switch">
          <input type="checkbox" id="AliasedToggle">
          <span class="toggleSlide" id="orangeBack"></span>
        </label>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>

  <div class="full">
    <p>
      The orange signal represents our attempt to reproduce the analogue (blue) signal given purely digital data.
    </p>
    <p>
      We are only able to convert analogue signals into digital data by <em>sampling</em> them at regular intervals.
    </p>
    <p>
      <strong>View samples</strong> visualises this digital data. Can you see why the orange signal does not follow the original blue signal?
    </p>
  </div>
  
  <div class="table">
    <div class="row">
      <div class="left">
        <label for="SamplesToggle"><strong>View samples:</strong></label>
      </div>
      <div class="togglecontainer">
        <label class="switch">
          <input type="checkbox" id="SamplesToggle">
          <span class="toggleSlide"></span>
        </label>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>

  <div class="full">
    <p>
      This effect is called <strong>aliasing</strong>. Because the frequency of our input signal is greater than <em>half</em> of our digital samplerate, we are unable to reproduce these higher frequencies accurately.
    </p>
    <p>
      Turn on audio to hear what aliased digital audio sounds like (tested in Chrome and Firefox 76).
    </p>
  </div>

  <div class="table">
    <div class="row">
      <div class="left">
        <label for="AudioToggle"><strong>Toggle audio:</strong></label>
      </div>
      <div class="togglecontainer">
        <button type="button" onclick="audioToggle()" class="button" id="AudioToggle">
          <span class="material-icons">volume_off</span>
        </button>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>

  <div class="full">
    <p>
      <br/>
      <em><strong>Note:</strong> This example intentionally uses a less than perfect interpolation to emphasize the difficulties involved in reproducing an analogue signal in a digital system.</em>
    </p>
    <p>
      <em>This gives rise to additional aliasing artifacts close to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyquist_frequency">nyquist frequency</a>; you may hear 2 separate tones moving in opposite directions at certain frequency settings.</em>
    </p>
  </div>

</div>
  
</div>

              
            
!

CSS

              
                @import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/icon?family=Material+Icons');
@import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans&display=swap');
@import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Spartan:wght@900&display=swap');

html {
  height: 100%;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
}

body {
  font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif;
  font-size: large;
  color: #44546a;
  height: 100%;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
  overflow: hidden;
}

a {
  font-weight: bold;
  /*text-decoration: none;*/
  color: #44546a;
}

a:hover {
  color: #dd7d3b;
}

.centringContainer {
  width: 96%;
	max-width: 512px;
  height: 100%;
	margin: auto;
  position: relative;
  top: 16px;
}

.main {
  height: calc(100% - 320px);
  overflow-y: auto;
  padding-left: 6px;
  padding-right: 6px;
}

.full {
	width: 100%;
	margin: auto;
	/*text-align: center;*/
	margin-bottom: 0px;
}

.table {
  display: table;
  width: 100%;
}

.row {
  display: table-row;
  height: 24px;
}

.left {
	min-width: 96px;
  height: 32px;
	text-align: right;
  display: table-cell;
  vertical-align: middle;
  /*border: 1px solid black;*/
  font-family: 'Spartan', sans-serif;
}

.slidecontainer {
  width: 90%;
  height: 32px;
  display: table-cell;
  /*border: 1px solid black;*/
  vertical-align: middle;
  padding-left: 6px;
}

.togglecontainer {
  width: 50%;
  height: 32px;
  display: table-cell;
  /*border: 1px solid black;*/
  vertical-align: middle;
  padding-left: 6px;
}

.material-icons {
  font-family: 'Material Icons';
  font-weight: normal;
  font-style: normal;
  font-size: 32px;  /* Preferred icon size */
  display: inline-block;
  line-height: 1;
  text-transform: none;
  letter-spacing: normal;
  word-wrap: normal;
  white-space: nowrap;
  direction: ltr;

  /* Support for all WebKit browsers. */
  -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
  /* Support for Safari and Chrome. */
  text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;

  /* Support for Firefox. */
  -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;

  /* Support for IE. */
  font-feature-settings: 'liga';
}

.button {
	background: #FFFFFF;
	cursor: pointer;
	/*border: 4px solid #8496b0;
	border-radius: 50%;*/
	border: 0px;
	color: #44546a;
	width: 32px;
	height: 32px;
}
.button:hover {
	color: #8496b0;
}

.slider {
	-webkit-appearance: none;  /* Override default CSS styles */
	appearance: none;
	width: 100%; /* Full-width */
	height: 16px; /* Specified height */
	outline: none; /* Remove outline */
  background: #FFFFFF;
}

/* The slider handle (use -webkit- (Chrome, Opera, Safari, Edge) and -moz- (Firefox) to override default look) */
.slider::-webkit-slider-thumb {
	-webkit-appearance: none; /* Override default look */
	appearance: none;
	width: 16px; /* Set a specific slider handle width */
	height: 16px; /* Slider handle height */
	background: #FFFFFF;
	cursor: pointer; /* Cursor on hover */
	margin-top: -6px;
	border: 2px solid #8496b0;
	border-radius: 8px;
}

.slider::-moz-range-thumb {
	width: 16px; /* Set a specific slider handle width */
	height: 100%; /* Slider handle height */
	background: #FFFFFF;
	cursor: pointer; /* Cursor on hover */
	border-width: 2px;
	border-color: #8496b0;
	border-radius: 50%;
}

.slider::-webkit-slider-thumb:hover {
	background: #EFEFFF;
}

.slider::-moz-range-thumb:hover {
	background: #EFEFFF;
}

input[type=range]::-webkit-slider-runnable-track {
	width: 100%;
	height: 4px;
	cursor: pointer;
	background: #8496b0;
	border-radius: 2px;
}

input[type=range]::-moz-range-track {
	width: 100%;
	height: 4px;
	cursor: pointer;
	background: #8496b0;
	border-radius: 2px;
}

#responsive-canvas {
  width: 100%; /*Necessary to ensure our canvas fits horizontally.*/
}

/* The switch - the box around the slider */
.switch {
  position: relative;
  display: inline-block;
  width: 48px;
  height: 24px;
  margin-left: 2px;
  /*margin-top: 2px;
  margin-bottom: 2px;*/
}

/* Hide default HTML checkbox */
.switch input {
  opacity: 0;
  width: 0;
  height: 0;
}

/* The toggle slider */
.toggleSlide {
  position: absolute;
  cursor: pointer;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  right: 0;
  bottom: 0;
  background-color: #ccc;
  -webkit-transition: .4s;
  transition: .4s;
  border-radius: 24px;
}

.toggleSlide:before {
  position: absolute;
  content: "";
  width: 18px;
  height: 18px;
  left: 4px;
  bottom: 3.5px;
  background-color: white;
  -webkit-transition: .4s;
  transition: .4s;
  border-radius: 24px;
}

input:checked + .toggleSlide {
  background-color: #44546a;
}

input:checked + #orangeBack {
  background-color: #dd7d3b;
}

/*input:focus + .toggleSlide {
  box-shadow: 0 0 1px #8496b0;
}*/

input:checked + .toggleSlide:before {
  -webkit-transform: translateX(22px);
  -ms-transform: translateX(22px);
  transform: translateX(22px);
}

              
            
!

JS

              
                var canvas;

var freqSlider;
var samplesCheckbox;
var aliasedCheckbox;

var frequency = 2.0;

//True if audio is running.
var audioRunning = false;

var aliasingGenNode;

window.addEventListener('load', (event) => {
	//Get canvas for setting internal resolution.
	canvas = document.getElementById('responsive-canvas');

	//Get our on-screen controls.
	freqSlider = document.getElementById("FreqSlider");
	samplesCheckbox = document.getElementById("SamplesToggle");
	aliasedCheckbox = document.getElementById("AliasedToggle");

	freqSlider.oninput = freqSliderChange;
	samplesCheckbox.onchange = samplesCheckboxChange;
	aliasedCheckbox.onchange = aliasedCheckboxChange;

	window.onresize = resize;
	resize();
	draw();
});

//Helper function for getting a URL for a string/code.
function getURLFromInlineCode(code) {
  const codeBlob = new Blob(code, {type: 'application/javascript'});
  
  return URL.createObjectURL(codeBlob);
}

//Our custom audio processor, encapsulated in a URL.
const aliasingGenURL = getURLFromInlineCode`
class AliasingGenerator extends AudioWorkletProcessor {

  static get parameterDescriptors () {
	return [{
	  name: 'frequency',
	  defaultValue: 1,
	  minValue: 1,
	  maxValue: 8,
	  automationRate: 'a-rate'
	},
	{
	  name: 'amplitude',
	  defaultValue: 1,
	  minValue: 0,
	  maxValue: 1,
	  automationRate: 'a-rate'
	}]
  }

  constructor() {
	super();

	this.sinIndex = 0.0;
	/*this.frequency = 1.0;
	this.amplitude = 0.0;*/

	this.sinCounter = 0.0;
	this.sinVal = [0, 0, 0, 0];

	//Used to fake the nyquist cancellation.
	this.ampVal = [0, 0, 0, 0];

	//Our artificially-lowered samplerate.
	this.fakeSamplerate = 1660.0;
  }

  //Generate our audio.
  process(inputs, outputs, parameters) {
	for(let i=0;i<outputs[0].length;++i) {
	  const buffer = outputs[0][i];

	  if(i == 0) {
		for(let j=0;j<buffer.length;++j) {
		  this.sinCounter += this.fakeSamplerate/sampleRate;

		  var freq = (parameters['frequency'].length > 1) ? parameters['frequency'][i] : parameters['frequency'][0];
		  var amp = (parameters['amplitude'].length > 1) ? parameters['amplitude'][i] : parameters['amplitude'][0];

		  if(this.sinCounter >= 1.0)
		  {
			this.sinVal[0] = this.sinVal[1];
			this.sinVal[1] = this.sinVal[2];
			this.sinVal[2] = this.sinVal[3];

			this.sinVal[3] = Math.sin(this.sinIndex);
			this.sinIndex += ((freq * 220.0)/this.fakeSamplerate) * 2.0 * Math.PI;
			this.sinIndex %= (2.0 * Math.PI);

			this.ampVal[0] = this.ampVal[1];
			this.ampVal[1] = this.ampVal[2];
			this.ampVal[2] = this.ampVal[3];

			if((freq > 3.9) && (freq < 4.0))
			  this.ampVal[3] = 1.0 - ((freq - 3.9)/0.1);
			else if((freq >= 4.0) && (freq < 4.1))
			  this.ampVal[3] = (freq - 4.0)/0.1;
			else
			  this.ampVal[3] = 1.0;

			this.sinCounter -= 1.0;
		  }

		  //B-spline interpolation to get our aliased sine wave.
		  var ym1py1 = this.sinVal[0] + this.sinVal[2];
		  var c0 = (1.0/6.0) * ym1py1 + (2.0/3.0) * this.sinVal[1];
		  var c1 = (1.0/2.0) * (this.sinVal[2]-this.sinVal[0]);
		  var c2 = (1.0/2.0) * ym1py1 - this.sinVal[1];
		  var c3 = (1.0/2.0) * (this.sinVal[1]-this.sinVal[2]) + (1.0/6.0) * (this.sinVal[3]-this.sinVal[0]);
		  buffer[j] = ((c3*this.sinCounter+c2)*this.sinCounter+c1)*this.sinCounter+c0;

		  buffer[j] *= amp;

		  //B-spline interpolation of our amplitude hitting zero at nyquist.
		  ym1py1 = this.ampVal[0] + this.ampVal[2];
		  c0 = (1.0/6.0) * ym1py1 + (2.0/3.0) * this.ampVal[1];
		  c1 = (1.0/2.0) * (this.ampVal[2]-this.ampVal[0]);
		  c2 = (1.0/2.0) * ym1py1 - this.ampVal[1];
		  c3 = (1.0/2.0) * (this.ampVal[1]-this.ampVal[2]) + (1.0/6.0) * (this.ampVal[3]-this.ampVal[0]);
		  buffer[j] *= ((c3*this.sinCounter+c2)*this.sinCounter+c1)*this.sinCounter+c0;
		}
	  }
	  else {
		//We're mono, but if we find ourselves working in stereo, just copy channel 0.
		buffer[0][i] = buffer[0][0].slice();
	  }
	}

	return true;
  }
}

registerProcessor('AliasingGen', AliasingGenerator);
`

//Node for our audio processor.
class AliasingGenNode extends AudioWorkletNode {
  constructor(context) {
	super(context, 'AliasingGen');
  }
}

//Used to resize our canvas when the window's resized.
function resize() {
  canvas.width = window.innerWidth * window.devicePixelRatio;
  //console.log("window.innerWidth: ", window.innerWidth * window.devicePixelRatio);

  //Set canvas height as a proportion of width.
  /*var height = canvas.width * 0.5;
  if(height > 320)
	height = 320;
  canvas.height = height;*/
  canvas.height = 320;
  
  draw();
}

//Used to redraw the canvas when necessary.
function draw() {
  //Start drawing.
  const canvasContext = canvas.getContext('2d');
  const centreY = canvas.height/2;
  const sinHeight = centreY - 8;
  
  /*canvasContext.fillStyle = 'white';
  canvasContext.fillRect(0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height);*/

  if(samplesCheckbox.checked)
	canvasContext.strokeStyle = 'rgb(132, 150, 176)';
  else
	canvasContext.strokeStyle = 'rgb(68, 84, 106)';
  canvasContext.lineWidth = 4;
  
  var numPeriods = frequency;
  var periodLength = (canvas.width/numPeriods);
  var halfLength = (periodLength * 0.5);
  
  canvasContext.translate(-(0.5 * halfLength), 0);
  
  canvasContext.beginPath();
  canvasContext.moveTo(0, centreY + sinHeight);
  
  for(let i=0;i<(numPeriods + 1);++i) {
	var x = (i * periodLength);
	
	canvasContext.bezierCurveTo(x + (halfLength * 0.3634),
								centreY + sinHeight,
								x + (halfLength * 0.6366),
								centreY - sinHeight,
								x + halfLength,
								centreY - sinHeight);
	x += halfLength;
	canvasContext.bezierCurveTo(x + (halfLength * 0.3634),
								centreY - sinHeight,
								x + (halfLength * 0.6366),
								centreY + sinHeight,
								x + halfLength,
								centreY + sinHeight);
  }
  canvasContext.stroke();
  
  canvasContext.translate((0.5 * halfLength), 0);
  
  //Calculate samples.
  var sampleDist = canvas.width/16.0;
  var samples = new Array(19);
  
  for(let i=0;i<19;++i) {
	//Calculate y position.
	samples[i] = centreY;
	samples[i] -= Math.sin((i/16) * frequency * 2 * Math.PI) * sinHeight;
  }
  
  //Draw aliased line.
  if(aliasedCheckbox.checked) {
	let points = [[-sampleDist, centreY - Math.sin((-1/16) * frequency * 2 * Math.PI) * sinHeight], [0, samples[0]], [sampleDist, samples[1]], [sampleDist * 2, samples[2]]];
	
	canvasContext.strokeStyle = 'rgb(221, 125, 59)';
	
	canvasContext.beginPath();
	canvasContext.moveTo(0, centreY);
	
	var x = 0;
	var xInc = canvas.width/1024;
	var lastX = 0;
	for(let i=1;i<1024;++i) {
	  var samplesX = (x/canvas.width) * 16;
	  var fraction = samplesX - Math.floor(samplesX);
	  samplesX = Math.floor(samplesX);
	  
	  if(samplesX != lastX) {
		//x-axis.
		points[0][0] = sampleDist * (i-1);
		points[1][0] = sampleDist * i;
		points[2][0] = sampleDist * (i+1);
		points[3][0] = sampleDist * (i+1);
		
		//y-axis.
		points[0][1] = points[1][1];
		points[1][1] = points[2][1];
		points[2][1] = points[3][1];
		points[3][1] = samples[samplesX + 2];
		
		lastX = samplesX;
	  }
	  
	  var temp = thirdInterp(fraction, points[0][1], points[1][1], points[2][1], points[3][1]);
	  canvasContext.lineTo(x, temp);
	  
	  x += xInc;
	}
	canvasContext.stroke();
  }
  
  //Draw samples.
  if(samplesCheckbox.checked) {
	var x = 0;

	for(let i=0;i<17;++i) {
	  //Set draw colours.
	  canvasContext.fillStyle = 'rgb(255, 255, 255)';
	  canvasContext.strokeStyle = 'rgb(68, 84, 106)';
	  
	  //Draw vertical line.
	  canvasContext.beginPath();
	  canvasContext.moveTo(x, centreY);
	  canvasContext.lineTo(x, samples[i]);
	  canvasContext.stroke();
	  
	  //Draw sample circle.
	  
	  canvasContext.beginPath();
	  canvasContext.arc(x, samples[i], 5, 0, 2 * Math.PI, false);
	  canvasContext.fill();
	  canvasContext.stroke();
	  
	  x += sampleDist;
	}
  }
}

function freqSliderChange() {
  frequency = freqSlider.value;
  
  if((frequency > 8) && (frequency < 8.05)) {
	frequency = 8;
	freqSlider.value = frequency;
  }
  
  if(audioRunning) {
	aliasingGenNode.parameters.get('frequency').linearRampToValueAtTime(frequency * 0.5, audioContext.currentTime + 0.05);
  }

  const canvasContext = canvas.getContext('2d');
  canvasContext.clearRect(0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height);
  draw();
}

function samplesCheckboxChange() {
  const canvasContext = canvas.getContext('2d');
  canvasContext.clearRect(0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height);
  draw();
}

function aliasedCheckboxChange() {
  const canvasContext = canvas.getContext('2d');
  canvasContext.clearRect(0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height);
  draw();
}

//Used to toggle our audio on and off.
//Function must be async in order to use await on audioWorklet.addModule().
async function audioToggle() {
  if(!audioRunning) {
	//Create web audio api context.
	audioContext = new (window.AudioContext || window.webkitAudioContext)();

	//Add our custom audio processor class.
	//addModule() returns a promise, so we have to await until it's fulfilled.
	await audioContext.audioWorklet.addModule(aliasingGenURL);

	//Create an instance of our custom audio processor class.
	aliasingGenNode = new AliasingGenNode(audioContext);
	
	aliasingGenNode.parameters.get('amplitude').setValueAtTime(0.0, audioContext.currentTime);
	aliasingGenNode.parameters.get('amplitude').linearRampToValueAtTime(1.0, audioContext.currentTime + 0.25);

	//Connect our nodes to the audio context.
	aliasingGenNode.connect(audioContext.destination);
	
	audioRunning = true;
	
	//Update audio button.
	document.getElementById("AudioToggle").innerHTML = "<span class='material-icons'>volume_up</span>";
  }
	else {
	//Stops the audio, releases any audio resources used.
		audioContext.close();
		
		audioRunning = false;
	
	//Update audio button.
	document.getElementById("AudioToggle").innerHTML = "<span class='material-icons'>volume_off</span>";
	}
}

//Interpolation function used in drawing the aliased line.
function thirdInterp(x, L1, L0, H0,H1) {
	return L0 + 0.5 *
	x*(H0-L1 +
	   x*(H0 + L0*(-2) + L1 +
		  x*( (H0 - L0)*9 + (L1 - H1)*3 +
			 x*((L0 - H0)*15 + (H1 -  L1)*5 +
				x*((H0 - L0)*6 + (L1 - H1)*2 )))));
}

              
            
!
999px

Console